![]() First, the parties used their organizations themselves to establish and maintain authority over society through party organizational and membership networks, the nomenklatura system, and party purges designed to punish "deviants," the leadership ensured so- cietal compliance. There were two aspects to the parties' organizational strategies. The more the parties had encouraged pluralism within and outside their organizations, the more likely they were to gain a relatively favorable historical record and to adapt successfully to democracy. Moreover, these strate- gies also influenced politics after the collapse of communism in 1989: they formed the collective historical record and the elite skills that determined how the communist parties would survive and suc- ceed after the regime collapse in 1989. The less the parties re- lied on the loyalty of party members and extensive organizational networks as a way to control society, and the more pragmatic and skilled their elites, the more able the communist parties to inno- vate and implement policy reforms (however meager), and to ne- gotiate with the anticommunist opposition. Yet these strategies, consisting of the means of party control over society and internal personnel poli- cies within the party, underlay the communist parties' ability to reform and negotiate under communism. Grzymała-Busse A15 2 421 453 sagemeta-type Journal Article search-text The Organizational Strategies of Communist Parties in East Central Europe, 1945-1989 Anna Grzymala-Busse: The organizational strategies of the communist parties during the era of state socialism (1945-1989) are among the lesser-documented aspects of the parties' rule. The activity coefficient of TiO 2 in the zirconia-rich solid solution with monoclinic structure (0.02 ≥ X TiO2 ≥ 0) can be expressed as: ln γ TiO2 = 3.145 (1 - X TiO2) 2 - 0.338 In the zirconia-rich solid solution with tetragonal structure (0.085 ≥ X TiO2 ≥ 0.03), the activity coefficient is given by: ln γ TiO2 (± 0.012) = 2.354 (1 - X TiO2) 2 + 0.064 The standard Gibbs energy of formation of ZrTiO 4 is -5650 (± 200) J/mol at 1373 K. ![]() The emf of the cell is therefore directly related to the activity of TiO 2 in oxide phase or oxide phase mixture: α TiO2 = exp (-4FE/RT). The cells used can be represented as: Pt, Ti 0.07Pt 0.93 + Zr 1-xTi xO 2 / YDT / TiO 2 + Ti 0.07Pt 0.93, Pt Pt, Ti 0.07Pt 0.93 + Zr 1-xTi xO 2 + ZrTiO 4 / YDT / TiO 2 + Ti 0.07Pt 0.93, Pt In each cell the composition of Pt-Ti alloy was identical at both electrodes. The activity of TiO 2 in single and two-phase regions of the system ZrO 2-TiO 2 has been measured using solid state cells based on yttria-doped thoria (YDT) as the solid electrolyte at 1373 K.
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